http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satelli...cle%2FShowFull

Wee Willy wrote:
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The only warming I want for the Mid East is up close of the
thermonuclear type.

Norm

CoalMining Causing Earthquakes, Study Says
National Geographic ^ | 1-3-2006 | Richard A Lovett





Coal Mining Causing Earthquakes, Study Says

Richard A. Lovett
for National Geographic News


January 3, 2007

The most damaging earthquake in Australia's history was caused by
humans, new research says.

The magnitude-5.6 quake that struck Newcastle, in New South Wales, on
December 28, 1989, killed 13 people, injured 160, and caused 3.5 billion
U.S. dollars worth of damage (Australia map).

That quake was triggered by changes in tectonic forces caused by 200
years of underground coal mining, according to a study by Christian D.
Klose of Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory in
Palisades, New York.

The quake wasn't enormous, but Australia isn't generally considered to
be seismically active and the city's buildings weren't designed to
withstand a temblor of that magnitude, Klose said.

All told, he added, the monetary damage done by the earthquake exceeded
the total value of the coal extracted in the area.

Klose presented his findings at a meeting of the American Geophysical
Union in San Francisco, California last month.

Heavy Burden


The removal of millions of tons of coal from the area caused much of the
stress that triggered the Newcastle quake, Klose said. (Related:
"Mountaintop Mining Raises Debate in Coal Country" [January 13, 2006].)

But even more significant was groundwater pumping needed to keep the
mines from flooding.

"For each ton of coal produced, 4.3 times more water was extracted,"
Klose said.

Other mining operations, he added, sometimes require as much as 150 tons
of water to be removed for each ton of coal produced.

"So this is on the low end," he said. Human-Caused Quakes


Coal mining isn't the only human activity that can trigger earthquakes.

Enlarge Photo

Klose has identified more than 200 human-caused temblors, mostly in the
past 60 years. "They were rare before World War II," he said.

Most were caused by mining, he said, but nearly one-third came from
reservoir construction.

Oil and gas production can also trigger earthquakes, he added.

Three of the biggest human-caused earthquakes of all time, he pointed
out, were a trio that occurred in Uzbekistan's Gazli natural gas field
between 1976 and 1984 (map of Uzbekistan).

Each of the three had a magnitude greater than 6.8, and the largest had
a magnitude of 7.3.

Human-triggered earthquakes are particularly dangerous, Klose said, if
they occur in seismically inactive areas.

That's partly because people aren't prepared for them. But also, he
said, "regions that are naturally inactive are very trigger-sensitive,
because stress has built up over long periods of time."

Expensive Implications


Klose's presentation drew considerable attention from the assembled
geophysicists, who wondered if there were ways to reduce the risk by
altering mining practices.

"One way would be to find a way that doesn't reduce the water in the
mine," Klose said.

But as far as he knows, mining engineers aren't examining this, because
they are currently unaware of the earthquake risk.

The danger is also relevant to proposals to sequester carbon dioxide by
injecting it into geologic formations deep underground where the gas
cannot escape and contribute to global warming.

"That alters stress in the crust [too]," Klose said, adding that the
risk of earthquakes should be taken into account in planning the
locations of such facilities.

Basically, he said, "don't put the injection fields close to large cities."

The research could also have an impact on earthquake-insurance premiums,
André Unger of the University of Waterloo, in Ontario, told National
Geographic News by email.

The precise method by which premiums are calculated is a deeply guarded
trade secret, but they appear to be based on a region's historical
earthquake risk—"a purely statistical methodology," he said.

The new finding indicates that other factors are now at work, he said.

Furthermore, Unger noted that underground carbon sequestration might be
a mixed blessing from insurance companies' points of view

A carbon-sequestration plan could reduce the risk of some types of
damage (such as from hurricanes, which some scientists say are being
strengthened by global warming), while increasing the risk of others,
like earthquakes.

"Popeye" wrote
Coal Mining Causing Earthquakes, Study Says
deleted rampant speculation

Bullocks!

Cheers,
Ellen

OzOne wrote
Actually as disused mines collapse, they do indeed cause earthquakes.


Hogwash!
Earthquakes are caused by shifting tectonic plates. Coal mines barely scrape the surface.
Try Googling things before you make ignorant comments like that...
http://www.seismo.unr.edu/ftp/pub/lo...tectonics.html

Cheers,
Ellen

Ellen MacArthur wrote:
OzOne wrote
Actually as disused mines collapse, they do indeed cause earthquakes.


Hogwash!
Earthquakes are caused by shifting tectonic plates. Coal mines barely scrape the surface.
Try Googling things before you make ignorant comments like that...
http://www.seismo.unr.edu/ftp/pub/lo...tectonics.html

Cheers,
Ellen



New Zealand had coldest December in 78 years

Wellington, Jan 3 (DPA) New Zealanders shivered in December, with the
capital recording its coldest start to the southern hemisphere summer
for 78 years, according to official figures released Wednesday.

The National Climate Centre said that Wellington's average temperature
was 12.9 degrees Celsius, 2.4 degrees below normal and the lowest since
records began in 1928.


Even Kaitaia, the country's northernmost town, suffered a 2.5-degree
drop in the average December temperature to 15.6 Celsius, the lowest
since records were first taken there in 1948.

The chill has continued into the New Year as most New Zealanders are
taking their summer vacations.

Snow fell this week on Mount Ruapehu, an active volcano and the North
Island's highest peak at 2,797-metres. The temperature in Wellington
hovered Tuesday around 11 Celsius, about the same as European cities now
in the depths of winter.

"Popeye" wrote
New Zealand had coldest December in 78 years


Maybe when the top half of the world gets hotter the bottom half gets colder?

Cheers,
Ellen

OzOne wrote
Fact is, collapsing mines do make the eart quake.

OK, Katy, I believe you.... :-)

Cheers,
Ellen

OzOne wrote:


I know all about earthquakes...and they are NOT only caused by
shifting plates.

http://www.michaelmandeville.com/pol...relations2.htm



Oz1...of the 3 twins.

I welcome you to crackerbox palace,
We've been expecting you.

OzOne wrote in message ...
On Thu, 4 Jan 2007 20:01:44 -0500, "Ellen MacArthur"
scribbled thusly:


OzOne wrote
Actually as disused mines collapse, they do indeed cause earthquakes.


Hogwash!
Earthquakes are caused by shifting tectonic plates. Coal mines barely
scrape the surface.
Try Googling things before you make ignorant comments like that...

http://www.seismo.unr.edu/ftp/pub/lo...tectonics.html

Cheers,
Ellen


I know all about earthquakes...and they are NOT only caused by
shifting plates.
Fact is, collapsing mines do make the eart quake.

Probably true, but not the definition of a temblor. Ellen (Neal) is
correct.

Max