"Brian Whatcott" wrote in message "a niggly
question that arose during some of my research.
What is the difference between a bearing of
"North by East," "North and by East"?

I could not provide a confident response.
Any ideas?


"North and by East" is not a point on the compass, though some sloppy
helmsmen or watch officer may have added the the word "and" for some reason.
Below are the points of the compass with name, abbreviation and degrees:

North N 0(360)
North by east N by E 11.25
North-northeast NNE 22.5
Northeast by north NE by N 33.75
Northeast NE 45
Northeast by east NE by E 56.25
East-northeast ENE 67.5
East by north E by N 78.75
East E 90
East by south E by S 101.25
East-southeast ESE 112.5
Southeast by east SE by E 123.75
Southeast SE 135
Southeast by south SE by S 146.25
South-southeast SSE 157.5
South by east S by E 168.75
South S 180
South by west S by W 191.25
South-southwest SSW 202.5
Southwest by south SW by S 213.75
Southwest SW 225
Southwest by west SW by W 236.25
West-southwest WSW 247.5
West by south W by S 258.75
West W 270
West by north W by N 281.25
West-northwest WNW 292.5
Northwest by west NW by W 303.75
Northwest NW 315
Northwest by north NW by N 326.25
North-northwest NNW 337.5
North by west N by W 348.75


--
Carl Herzog
Editor, Reed's Nautical Almanacs
Providence, Rhode Island
(401) 454-8300