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How does work diesel engine.?
hi people.
i would ask you something.Who can explain me how does work diesel engine.?and what kind of system it need to work normally. ...thx for your ansver... |
http://www.howstuffworks.com/
"zee-qi" wrote in message oups.com... hi people. i would ask you something.Who can explain me how does work diesel engine.?and what kind of system it need to work normally. ..thx for your ansver... |
zee-qi wrote:
hi people. i would ask you something.Who can explain me how does work diesel engine.?and what kind of system it need to work normally. ..thx for your ansver... They use diesel fuel which has a very low auto ignition temp (about 200-210C) so if a "vapour" of diesel sees 200C it auto ignites without a spark. Petrol gasolene has a higher auto ignition temp (250-280C) so it needs an electric spark to ignite it. The "system" needed is a very high pressure pump to inject the diesel into the cyl at the right time, & create a very fine atomisation so it may auto ignite becasue the air inside the cyl is above 200C. Unlike a petrol gasolene engine a diesel increases power by increasing the effect time the diesl is being injected & auto ignited, so usually diesels can generate more torque per unit of fuel burnt becasue the burn can continue even after the piston commences to retreat down the cyl. K Of course if you're wondering where your union retirement money went, have a look at what the union the liar Krause works for pays it's own!!! I also suspect the phantom boat ownership is hiding the fact that the union thinks it's just PR buying toys with other peoples' money, after all they have a corp jet We have first-class benefits, including a top-of-the-line health insurance plan, a non-contributory defined-benefit pension plan, a 401k, and a life insurance policy equal to annual salary. We contribute a share of profits to the 401k on behalf of the employee. Our employees pay $4.50 for generic prescriptions and $8.00 for non-generics, but that's going up next year to $10 and $15. New employees get two weeks vacation the first year, and that goes to three weeks the third year. In addition, we have 12 paid holidays and we shut down from noon on Christmas eve to the day after New Year's Day. We also provide 20 days of paid sick leave a year. And we have an outside company administering pre-tax flexible bennies for our employees. Our fringe benefit package follows the trade union model, except, of course, for the profit contributions to 401k's. Trade unions are not-for-profit enterprises. How do these compare to the bennies at your shop? Paid? Every year? I call "bull****". With 3 weeks vacation, 12 paid holidays, and 20 paid sick days that's 47 *paid* days off every year. Are they hourly employees? For a "small business", that's the road to bankruptcy. Boy...and you had me going there for a minute. Not quite so simple, though you are trying hard to make it so. Our business is up because we're on the cusp of an election year. Our business always goes up in a major election year. You could say we're going to be doing very well in 2004 because Bush is such a total failure. The 20 paid sick days aren't part of the "paid" days off unless those days are used. None of our people abuses sick leave. In fact, no one as yet has even come close to using 20 sick days in one year. They're there in case they're needed. Oh, I forgot. We also provide everyone with LTD. The company provides an insurance plan that pays 50% of an employe's salary for Long Term Disability. Employes have the option of purchasing an additional 16.66%, bringing their total to 66.66%. The basic benefit maximum is $4,000 per month. With the buy up, the limit is increased to $10,000 per month. |
K. Smith wrote: zee-qi wrote: hi people. i would ask you something.Who can explain me how does work diesel engine.?and what kind of system it need to work normally. ..thx for your ansver... They use diesel fuel which has a very low auto ignition temp (about 200-210C) so if a "vapour" of diesel sees 200C it auto ignites without a spark. Petrol gasolene has a higher auto ignition temp (250-280C) so it needs an electric spark to ignite it. Are you sure you're explaining that correctly? Wouldn't research into the temperature of the air charge in a compressed diesel cylinder show that it is more than hot enough to ignite gasoline? In fact, putting gasoline into a diesel engine can destroy the engine because the gasoline is more volatile than diesel fuel and tends to "explode" rather than burn in the cylinder. That's always been one of the reasons that gasoline engines have compression ratios of just about half a typical diesel, and that traditionally gasoline has had to be doctored with "octane boosters" to burn more evenly with the lower compression. Gasoline can "pre-ignite" (fire without a spark) in a gasoline engine cylinder with a 10:1 compression rating so wouldn't it be reasonable to conclude it would be even more likely to ignite in the higher temperatures developed by about 20:1 compression. In extremely cold weather, some diesel engine operators will mix small amounts of gasoline with the diesel fuel in order to make the fuel more combustible in a diesel engine. In that case, it's the gasoline that is helping the diesel burn, not a case of more easily ignited diesel assisting the more reluctant gasoline to burn as a result of compression. Maybe I'm reading your statement incorrectly, but if not there's a chance you might want to clarify it a bit. |
K. Smith wrote: zee-qi wrote: hi people. i would ask you something.Who can explain me how does work diesel engine.?and what kind of system it need to work normally. ..thx for your ansver... They use diesel fuel which has a very low auto ignition temp (about 200-210C) so if a "vapour" of diesel sees 200C it auto ignites without a spark. PS. Isn't diesel fuel atomised, not vaporized, by the injectors? (Could be the difference in terminology down under.) |
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In extremely cold weather, some diesel engine operators will mix small amounts of gasoline with the diesel fuel in order to make the fuel more combustible in a diesel engine. In that case, it's the gasoline that is helping the diesel burn, not a case of more easily ignited diesel assisting the more reluctant gasoline to burn as a result of compression. thats done to keep the diesel from turning into jello at low temperatures. the cars i had could take up to 30% gas for that in the winter. Matt |
I have always understood that higher compression ratios in a gasoline
engine were one of the approaches to get higher HP, yes. Interestingly enough, turbo charged gas engines are often set up with lower compression ratios than their NA counterparts- but due to the tubo boost can still provide more power. I agree that it might have been more accurate to say that gasoline engines rely on spark, rather than "require" spark for combustion. If one were to inject gasoline into a cylinder compressed as much as air is compressed in a diesel cylinder, it's my impression that it would ignite very easily without a spark. Too easily, in fact. |
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wrote: wrote: In extremely cold weather, some diesel engine operators will mix small amounts of gasoline with the diesel fuel in order to make the fuel more combustible in a diesel engine. In that case, it's the gasoline that is helping the diesel burn, not a case of more easily ignited diesel assisting the more reluctant gasoline to burn as a result of compression. thats done to keep the diesel from turning into jello at low temperatures. the cars i had could take up to 30% gas for that in the winter. Matt Certainly; but consider that you were limited to that 30%. If you exceeded 30%, you risked damaging the engine because the mixture would be too volatile, (rather than not volatile enough), right? if you go over 30% it would run too hot (so i was told) and it would ingite too early like you say. But the reason you add gas is NOT to make it burn better but to keep it from freezing. Matt |
Diesels have very high compression ratios. Usually starting at 14:1 and
going as high as over 20:1. Many have turbos or superchargers. This makes them more efficient. The high compression makes it auto ignite the fuel when it is introduced. Diesel fuel injection systems have very high fuel line pressures to overcome the cylinder pressure when injecting fuel. Diesels are not tolerant of any out of spec conditions in the rotating components because of the high cylinder pressures. A gas engine may limp home with a bad rod bearing, a diesel will self distruct in short order. "Shortwave Sportfishing" wrote in message ... On 1 Jul 2005 08:48:37 -0700, wrote: K. Smith wrote: zee-qi wrote: hi people. i would ask you something.Who can explain me how does work diesel engine.?and what kind of system it need to work normally. ..thx for your ansver... They use diesel fuel which has a very low auto ignition temp (about 200-210C) so if a "vapour" of diesel sees 200C it auto ignites without a spark. Petrol gasolene has a higher auto ignition temp (250-280C) so it needs an electric spark to ignite it. Are you sure you're explaining that correctly? I wondered the same thing - I just read what Karen wrote. It's my understanding that the auto-ignition point isn't relevant with gas engines because it doesn't rely on compression for ignition - it relies on a spark. Which, at least to my mind, would indicate gas would have a low flashpoint and a high auto ignition temperature. Conversely, a diesel has a high flash point and a low auto ignition temperature which is why the compression is high. Also, it's my understanding that the reason some gas engines have high compression ratios is more for power production. Or am I wrong? |
On 1 Jul 2005 09:50:31 -0700, wrote:
wrote: wrote: In extremely cold weather, some diesel engine operators will mix small amounts of gasoline with the diesel fuel in order to make the fuel more combustible in a diesel engine. In that case, it's the gasoline that is helping the diesel burn, not a case of more easily ignited diesel assisting the more reluctant gasoline to burn as a result of compression. thats done to keep the diesel from turning into jello at low temperatures. the cars i had could take up to 30% gas for that in the winter. Matt Certainly; but consider that you were limited to that 30%. If you exceeded 30%, you risked damaging the engine because the mixture would be too volatile, (rather than not volatile enough), right? if you go over 30% it would run too hot (so i was told) and it would ingite too early like you say. But the reason you add gas is NOT to make it burn better but to keep it from freezing. If you put gas into diesel, it won't mix. You put kerosene into diesel to help with the anti-gel. Kerosene will mix with diesel - gas won't. |
HarryKrause wrote: Shortwave Sportfishing wrote: On 1 Jul 2005 09:50:31 -0700, wrote: wrote: wrote: In extremely cold weather, some diesel engine operators will mix small amounts of gasoline with the diesel fuel in order to make the fuel more combustible in a diesel engine. In that case, it's the gasoline that is helping the diesel burn, not a case of more easily ignited diesel assisting the more reluctant gasoline to burn as a result of compression. thats done to keep the diesel from turning into jello at low temperatures. the cars i had could take up to 30% gas for that in the winter. Matt Certainly; but consider that you were limited to that 30%. If you exceeded 30%, you risked damaging the engine because the mixture would be too volatile, (rather than not volatile enough), right? if you go over 30% it would run too hot (so i was told) and it would ingite too early like you say. But the reason you add gas is NOT to make it burn better but to keep it from freezing. If you put gas into diesel, it won't mix. You put kerosene into diesel to help with the anti-gel. Kerosene will mix with diesel - gas won't. This is a 50 year old memory, and I am hazy about it, but I think my old man poured some sort of alcohol mix into his diesel truck on the coldest days of winter to help it start. I know he poured *something* in there. No, it wasn't Four Roses. He called it diesel starting fluid. Well, it smelled like alcohol. Could it have been ether? Even here in the moderately cool PACNW people often spray some ether into older diesels that are reluctant to start in the winter. I hear you can buy it from Hugh Hefner. He sends some really gorgeous, well stacked gal wearing fishnet stockings and high heels down to the dock to deliver it. As far as I know, she's the ether bunny. |
On Fri, 01 Jul 2005 17:05:50 -0400, HarryKrause
wrote: wrote: HarryKrause wrote: Shortwave Sportfishing wrote: On 1 Jul 2005 09:50:31 -0700, wrote: wrote: wrote: In extremely cold weather, some diesel engine operators will mix small amounts of gasoline with the diesel fuel in order to make the fuel more combustible in a diesel engine. In that case, it's the gasoline that is helping the diesel burn, not a case of more easily ignited diesel assisting the more reluctant gasoline to burn as a result of compression. thats done to keep the diesel from turning into jello at low temperatures. the cars i had could take up to 30% gas for that in the winter. Matt Certainly; but consider that you were limited to that 30%. If you exceeded 30%, you risked damaging the engine because the mixture would be too volatile, (rather than not volatile enough), right? if you go over 30% it would run too hot (so i was told) and it would ingite too early like you say. But the reason you add gas is NOT to make it burn better but to keep it from freezing. If you put gas into diesel, it won't mix. You put kerosene into diesel to help with the anti-gel. Kerosene will mix with diesel - gas won't. This is a 50 year old memory, and I am hazy about it, but I think my old man poured some sort of alcohol mix into his diesel truck on the coldest days of winter to help it start. I know he poured *something* in there. No, it wasn't Four Roses. He called it diesel starting fluid. Well, it smelled like alcohol. Could it have been ether? Even here in the moderately cool PACNW people often spray some ether into older diesels that are reluctant to start in the winter. I hear you can buy it from Hugh Hefner. He sends some really gorgeous, well stacked gal wearing fishnet stockings and high heels down to the dock to deliver it. As far as I know, she's the ether bunny. BOOOOOOOOOO!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Ouch! You know, I don't really remember what it was. It came in a round metal can with a screw top. My recollection is that it smelled like alcohol. He didn't often use his diesel delivery truck in the winter and kept it in an unheated storage building. But once in a while in the winter he'd crank it up and send it off to pick up a load of rowboats or whatever. It was ether - I remember my Uncle the dairy farmer who had two International Super M diesels. He would pour some ether into the tanks and light the diesels off - worked great. |
My '98 Tahoe 6.5TD owner's manual specifically states never to use ether
(long before the pistons approach the top of their compression stroke, the ether-air mixture will detonate causing severe knock and damage the engine). Contrary to popular belief, diesel engines are not "controlled knock" engines: at the top of the compression stroke when the highly compressed air is more than hot enough to ignite it, diesel fuel is injected at very high pressure into the combustion chamber -- the diesel fuel ignites as it is injected. The extremely quick rise in pressure causes the massive torque associated with diesel engines (and noise, too). Gasoline should not be mixed into diesel. To prevent diesel from gelling at low temp, GM recommends kerosene to no more than 1/4 of the total (kerosene does not have the lubricating properties of diesel and can damage mechanical diesel fuel pumps and diesel fuel injectors). If you have to mix kerosene with diesel for prolonged periods of time, it is recommended that you add diesel fuel lubricants to the fuel tank. Hope this helps. Regards, Franko "Shortwave Sportfishing" wrote in message ... On Fri, 01 Jul 2005 17:05:50 -0400, HarryKrause wrote: wrote: HarryKrause wrote: Shortwave Sportfishing wrote: On 1 Jul 2005 09:50:31 -0700, wrote: wrote: wrote: In extremely cold weather, some diesel engine operators will mix small amounts of gasoline with the diesel fuel in order to make the fuel more combustible in a diesel engine. In that case, it's the gasoline that is helping the diesel burn, not a case of more easily ignited diesel assisting the more reluctant gasoline to burn as a result of compression. thats done to keep the diesel from turning into jello at low temperatures. the cars i had could take up to 30% gas for that in the winter. Matt Certainly; but consider that you were limited to that 30%. If you exceeded 30%, you risked damaging the engine because the mixture would be too volatile, (rather than not volatile enough), right? if you go over 30% it would run too hot (so i was told) and it would ingite too early like you say. But the reason you add gas is NOT to make it burn better but to keep it from freezing. If you put gas into diesel, it won't mix. You put kerosene into diesel to help with the anti-gel. Kerosene will mix with diesel - gas won't. This is a 50 year old memory, and I am hazy about it, but I think my old man poured some sort of alcohol mix into his diesel truck on the coldest days of winter to help it start. I know he poured *something* in there. No, it wasn't Four Roses. He called it diesel starting fluid. Well, it smelled like alcohol. Could it have been ether? Even here in the moderately cool PACNW people often spray some ether into older diesels that are reluctant to start in the winter. I hear you can buy it from Hugh Hefner. He sends some really gorgeous, well stacked gal wearing fishnet stockings and high heels down to the dock to deliver it. As far as I know, she's the ether bunny. BOOOOOOOOOO!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Ouch! You know, I don't really remember what it was. It came in a round metal can with a screw top. My recollection is that it smelled like alcohol. He didn't often use his diesel delivery truck in the winter and kept it in an unheated storage building. But once in a while in the winter he'd crank it up and send it off to pick up a load of rowboats or whatever. It was ether - I remember my Uncle the dairy farmer who had two International Super M diesels. He would pour some ether into the tanks and light the diesels off - worked great. |
Shortwave Sportfishing wrote:
On 1 Jul 2005 08:48:37 -0700, wrote: K. Smith wrote: zee-qi wrote: hi people. i would ask you something.Who can explain me how does work diesel engine.?and what kind of system it need to work normally. ..thx for your ansver... They use diesel fuel which has a very low auto ignition temp (about 200-210C) so if a "vapour" of diesel sees 200C it auto ignites without a spark. Petrol gasolene has a higher auto ignition temp (250-280C) so it needs an electric spark to ignite it. Are you sure you're explaining that correctly? I wondered the same thing - I just read what Karen wrote. It's my understanding that the auto-ignition point isn't relevant with gas engines because it doesn't rely on compression for ignition - it relies on a spark. Which, at least to my mind, would indicate gas would have a low flashpoint and a high auto ignition temperature. Conversely, a diesel has a high flash point and a low auto ignition temperature which is why the compression is high. Also, it's my understanding that the reason some gas engines have high compression ratios is more for power production. Or am I wrong? Hi Tom, It wasn't bait I promise, just as I promise you won't like this:-) Only a vapour will ignite; either because it's exceeded it's auto ignition temp or it's in contact with something well above it, say a "spark"?? All the spark does is be a point of heat above the particular vapour's auto ignition temp. Even petrol will not burn if it is in "liquid" form indeed if raw petrol gets on a spark plug (flooded) you can crank it till the cows come home & it won't go till the raw fuel evaporates into a form (vapour/gas) & then reaches an ignitable mixture. DIESEL The trick here is that diesel has a low auto ignition temp but also remains "liquid" at normal room type temps. So it's essentially not able to be ignited even if in contact with something well above it's auto ignition temp. You can throw a lit match in if you like but please don't!!!! just in case it's a hot day!!!:-) Also it takes either pre-heating or considerable mechanical pressure to vapourise it such that it will ignite & burn at all. So in a diesel the fuel isn't present at all till the moment the injection starts, save a small lag while the burn establishes itself (the characteristic diesel knock) the burn only continues so long as more fuel is injected, at low power or idle the injection stops almost immediately, at higher power it continues over a longer part of the cycle (giving better mechanical advantage because the most torque is generated when the crank is at 90 degs to TDC) PETROL Petrol can be a vapour at most normal temps unless in a sealed container &/or under pressure. So the combustion chamber must never have any even small surface that exceeds the petrol's autoignition temp or the vapour will auto ignite, even as the piston is still coming up on the compression stroke, it must all remain unignited till the correct timing when the plug "sparks". Once a vapourised fuel (either) is ignited in the presence of an oxidiser (air) in the right proportions (mixture), say because it's come in contact with something above it's auto ignition temp then the game is irreversibly on, the flamefront will advance in a predicatable manner (16m/s) till it consumes all the available vapour &/or oxygen. The ignitable mixture ranges varies with fuels but with most petrols it's usually around 11-1 to 17-1 by weight; so too much fuel & it's not a vapour (not enough oxidant can be present to supply the burn) below the min lean mixture & again the vapour becomes too dispersed to ignite at all &/or carry the flamefront. Some deluded engine makers claim they can get around these facts by creating what they oft call a "stratified" charge which is their way of admitting they know a lean mixture can't burn predictably but say by concentrating it around the spark they can cheat & get it to ignite (one totally discredited example was Ficht & now called E-Tec when not only did they claim "stratified" but it was so lean, they needed a continuous firing of the spark plug to even get ignition!!) The danger with over lean mixtures is that "if" you can get ignition at all then the trouble has just begun because as soon as the first so called "stratified" part of the mixture ignites the chamber pressure/temp (press & temp are one & the same) goes up (as intended after all that drives the piston back down) but any even small pockets of unstratified mixture (endgases) also immediately auto ignite. This uncontrolled auto ignition means the burn is totally erratic & unpredictable. You or your engines might get away with it forever or for a short time only, but whichever way you see it the risks are very high. Chrysler & Honda both very biggies in engines couldn't make it work, Ficht certainly couldn't the difference was Chrysler & Honda knew exactly what the problem was so stopped, but not Soros the convicted union lacky he persisted ****ing other peoples' money against the wall till an American icon Co went down the drain. So nothing new really all well known & pretty well understood since the 1930s over lean mixtures lead to chamber temp rises which leads to more detonation which leads to higher chamber temps which leads to more detonation which leads to .... well you already know the damage it can do??? it shook your electrics to bits, but hey don't feel bad it also blew injectors from heads, made the plumbing fall to bits such that the USCG had to make them have a safety recall, the gearcases (which being OMC were never much good anyway) really fell to pieces under the hammering repeated detonation can deliver to a direct drive train, then of course the biggest failure mode was just damaged & melted pistons, crack rings all the usual stuff expected of engines run at power in a lean condition. By the way Tom how are those new E-Tecs running have you got them all sorted yet?? or are you still being run around while Bomb try to decide how to back out of this latest consumer funded experiment??? K So as the lying idiot Krause has chosen to tell us below about his fantasy father lies here's some more for you to ponder as you enjoy asking why absolutely no verifiable fact can be found, after all in another of his father lies he claims he crossed the Atlantic in a 23ft outboard powered craft & got a fire tug welcome into NY!!! A sicker more dangerous simpleton there is not on this planet than our unionist organiser Krause. Nope. He was a successful boat dealer and marina operator for 30 years in New Haven County, Connecticut. He served several terms as president of the Marine Trade Association and also lobbied for boat dealers before the Connecticut legislature. Many of his best friends were competing boat dealers. They talked shop a lot. If someone with something strange showed up on his doorstep and he were interested in offering a trade-in on it, he'd call one of his buds to give him a price or drive on over for a look-see. The "usual list of suspects" he, of course, recognized because of his experience, and he had a pretty good idea of what a used rig might fetch on his sales lot. He never took a "price boat" in on trade, though. They always needed more work than they were worth. Many boat shoppers never were aware that most of the boat dealers in my dad's area were really close friends and shared information about potential customers all the time. If he didn't have what a customer wanted, he'd call "Dickie" or "Paul" or "Art," all competing dealers and see if they had something appropriate. "Dickie's" father owned the New Haven Arena, where boat shows were held, and was also chairman of the National Basketball Association. |
On Sat, 02 Jul 2005 21:56:53 +1000, "K. Smith" wrote:
~~ snippage ~~ All that makes sense to me. By the way Tom how are those new E-Tecs running have you got them all sorted yet?? or are you still being run around while Bomb try to decide how to back out of this latest consumer funded experiment??? Love 'em. Can't believe the power and efficiency of them. And quiet? It's amazing - makes four strokes sound like hot rods. About a hundred hours on them at this point between me and my friend and if I project things out, we'll be averaging about 8 gallons an hour average - runs and trolling of course. Longer runs like to the Canyons will bring that up, but I'm projecting anywhere from 10 to 13 gallons per hour at cruise to the grounds. WOT of course is a different story. I've talked to a lot of folks at the local ramps who have the 90 E-TECs and they can't say enough about them. So far, so good. |
Shortwave Sportfishing wrote:
On Sat, 02 Jul 2005 21:56:53 +1000, "K. Smith" wrote: ~~ snippage ~~ All that makes sense to me. By the way Tom how are those new E-Tecs running have you got them all sorted yet?? or are you still being run around while Bomb try to decide how to back out of this latest consumer funded experiment??? Love 'em. Can't believe the power and efficiency of them. And quiet? It's amazing - makes four strokes sound like hot rods. About a hundred hours on them at this point between me and my friend and if I project things out, we'll be averaging about 8 gallons an hour average - runs and trolling of course. Longer runs like to the Canyons will bring that up, but I'm projecting anywhere from 10 to 13 gallons per hour at cruise to the grounds. WOT of course is a different story. I've talked to a lot of folks at the local ramps who have the 90 E-TECs and they can't say enough about them. So far, so good. I'm genuinely glad they're OK Tom & wish you well with them. Hope you keep us up to date with their general stuff, well done & congrats. K Seeing yesterday Krause lie was about the fantasies father boat dealer, in today's Krause lie you can see how he tries to use the father lie to pretend boating experience of which the lying idiot has none. As well as the most brazen liar I've even experienced he's full up himself, have a read of this infantile crap:-) Let's see. I've owned many different Evinrude and Johnson outboards from OMC, three different Merc outboards from Merc, a Clinton, a Scot A****er (well, my father took in one on a trade and gave it to me) and some piece of crap from Sears that my father won at the New England boat show and was autographed by Ted Williams. Until very recently, Honda made only low power outboards and these were of no interest to me. And I see nothing Yamaha offers that interests me even slighty. Oh...I've also owned boats with Atomic 4's, Volvo diesels, MAN diesels, a Caterpillar diesel and one boat with twin Cadillac Crusader engines, plus a few others. I believe in my lifetime I've owned around 30 different power and sailboats. Plus a Cushman motor scooter, a Lambretta motor scooter, a Honda Super Hawk motorcycle, several jeeps, including a Willys sports car, an Aero Willys, a 55 Chevy, an MGA, an Austin Healy 100, a TR-4A-IRS, a Volvo P whatever the hell it was, a Volvo Turbo, a Jag 150-S, two Ford trucks, a BMW 2002ti, a Porsche 911 (when they were $5400 brand new), a Lotus Cortina, a Mini-Cooper S, a Toyota Corona, a Toyota Corolla, a Nissan shoebox and I suppose a few more. Still have the Jag and a Ford truck. The Jag is a lovely piece of crap, and the Ford truck is...terrific. |
thx people..i am gonna read all of them (explanation).and you have been
written some another system like gasoline system.. |
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