Eisboch wrote:
"HK" wrote in message
. ..

There are competency exams all along the course of study, and a very
difficult final. Book exams and practical skills exams.

Very true.

And the same is true of a non-union technical school.

The bottom line is that the test for certification or license in whatever
trade or level therein has nothing to do with being union or not.

The requirements for certification or license are the same.

Eisboch



Which explains why skilled union membership has declined.

Construction trades in cities have suddenly shifted from over 75%
unionized to under 25%. Only the commercial sector of construction has
retained 50% or greater union representation. The inability to prevent
non-union companies from taking significant market share has undercut
union membership. Meanwhile the forces of economic liberalization
(neoliberalism), capital mobility, and globalization have improved
tremendously the material standard of living enjoyed by workers in the
United States; and mass immigration from Mexico has continued to
restructure the domestic labor force.[2]